| Node | Type | Description | Visible | Clusters | Connections | Relevance | Betweenness | Closeness | Coreness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham Nicholas I | writing master/calligrapher | Abraham Nicholas I (d. before 1692) was the first of three writing masters of that name. Sources: Heal 78 Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 2.02 | 0.21 | 2.00 |
| Abraham Nicholas II | writing master/calligrapher | Abraham Nicholas II (fl. 1711), schoolmaster, was father of the more widely known Abraham Nicholas III. Sources: DNB; Heal 79; Massey 109-10. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.01 | 48.18 | 0.25 | 2.00 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | writing master/calligrapher | Abraham Nicholas III (1692-1744?) was the third of that name in his family, after his father and grandfather, to be a schoolmaster. He published several copybooks of his own and contributed material to Bickham's Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent. Sources: Carvahlo 110; Heal 79; Massey 109-11; ODNB. Image: Engraving of Abraham Nicholas III, National Portrait Gallery. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 8.00 | 0.14 | 299.89 | 0.33 | 3.00 |
| A delightful recreation for the industrious | copybook/writing manual | Brooks, William. A Delightful Recreation for the Industrious. A copy book of plain and practical writing … Invented & performed by, William Brooks, (London: Tho: Bowles, and John Bowles, 1717) was engraved by George Bickham the elder, Image: Title page, A Delightful Recreation for the Industrious. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 4.00 | 0.10 | 63.05 | 0.37 | 3.00 |
| Alphabets in all the hands | copybook/writing manual | Shelley, George. Alphabets in all the hands with great variety of capital & small letters done for the use of the writing school of Christ-Hospital London by George Shelley writing Mr G. Bickham sculpsit. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Thomas Overton, 1710. Image: Title page, British Library. |
Visibility | 2.00 | 3.00 | 0.11 | 7.47 | 0.37 | 3.00 |
| An essay after Mr. Charles Snell | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. An essay after Mr. Charles Snell's Standard rules of the round and round-text hands. London: Henry Overton, 1735 c. Bickham's essay would seem to have been included with at least one edition of Snell's Standard rules after the latter's death. Image: Title page, Snell's Standard Rules |
Visibility | 2.00 | 3.00 | 0.10 | 3.68 | 0.37 | 3.00 |
| An essay in writing (1730) | copybook/writing manual | Bland, John. An essay in writing : exemplified in the several hands, and forms of business. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: John King , 1730. Image: Title page |
Visibility | 5.00 | 3.00 | 0.10 | 29.52 | 0.38 | 2.00 |
| An essay in writing (1764) | copybook/writing manual | Bland, John, Samuel Vaux, Joseph Champion, John Clark, and John Gardnor. An essay in writing : exemplified in the several hands & forms of business : useful for those design'd for compting houses, trade, and the publick offices : with other select peices, never before engraved. Engr. Edward Thorogood, Joseph Ellis, and John Howard. London: Robert Sayer, 1764. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
Visibility | 4.00 | 9.00 | 0.08 | 281.96 | 0.37 | 4.00 |
| A new copy book of the small Italian hand | copybook/writing manual | Langton, John. A new copy book of the small Italian Hand, etc. Engr. John Bickham, 1720. Date of publication approximate. Sources: BL Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
Visibility | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.02 | 104.00 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| A small copy book | copybook/writing manual | Abraham Nicholas III published A Small Copy Book in 1715. Image: Portrait of Abraham Nicholas, Unknown artist, line engraving, 18th century, NPG D27623, National Portrait Gallery |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.09 | 16.00 | 0.37 | 2.00 |
| B. Cole | engraver | B. Cole (fl. 1738), engraver Image: Plate from The Compleat Penman (1738, p. 8) |
Visibility | 6.00 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 2.00 |
| Bright Whilton | writing master/calligrapher | Bright Whilton (1706-1757), writing master, contributed three pieces to Bickham's Universal Penman: "Decency" (56), "Study" (39), and "Swearing" (44). Image: Whilton, Bright, script. "Study," Dated 1734. Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 31. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 2.00 | 0.05 | 2.54 | 0.33 | 2.00 |
| Charles Price | printer/bookseller | Charles Price, printer Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 1.00 |
| Charles Snell | writing master/calligrapher | Charles Snell (1667-1733), writing master, was apprenticed to William Brooks and was in turn master to John Bland and Joseph Champion. Snell is generally credited for popularizing French and Italian hands in Britain (Penna Volans). He published at least a dozen books, some focused on accounting but also several highly-regarded copybooks. He was involved in an ongoing controversy with writing master John Clark. Sources: Cavalho 109; Heal 102; Massey 138-144; ODNB. Image: Charles Snell by William Elder, after J. Hargrave, line engraving, 1693, NPG D31312, National Portrait Gallery |
Visibility | 1.00 | 12.00 | 0.27 | 207.59 | 0.41 | 5.00 |
| Edward Dawson | writing master/calligrapher | Edward Dawson (1701-41), writing master, contributed 3 plates to Bickham's Universal Penman. His son, also named Edward, later became a writing master as well. Sources: Carvalho 110; Heal 45; Massey 74-75. Image: Dawson, Edward, script. "A Letter to a Factor," Dated 1739. Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 169. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 4.00 | 0.10 | 6.28 | 0.34 | 4.00 |
| Edward Thorowgood | engraver | Edward Thorowgood was a well-known engraver of copybooks. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 6.00 | 4.00 | 0.04 | 19.03 | 0.32 | 4.00 |
| Emanuel Austin | writing master/calligrapher | Emanuel Austin (b. 1702-d. after 1763), writing master, contributed twenty-two plates to Bickham's Universal Penman and five to United pen-men. Image: George Bickham, Ornamental "A", Universal Penman, Wikimedia |
Visibility | 5.00 | 5.00 | 0.14 | 9.07 | 0.38 | 5.00 |
| Gabriel Brooks | writing master/calligrapher | Gabriel Brooks (1704? -1741), writing master, was apprenticed to Dennis Smith. He contributed nine plates to George Bickham's The Universal Penman. None other of his work seems to have survived. He may have been related to, and it seems that his widow married, William Brooks. Sources: Carvalho 110; DNB; Heal 22; Massey 29-30; Wikipedia. Image: George Bickham, Ornamental "B", Universal Penman, Wikimedia |
Visibility | 6.00 | 4.00 | 0.08 | 12.45 | 0.36 | 4.00 |
| George Bickham the elder | writing master & engraver | George Bickham the elder (1684? -1758?) was a central figure in early to mid-eighteenth century calligraphy. He trained under engraver John Sturt. He himself was mainly known as an engraver but also performed calligraphy, as when he contributed eighteen plates to his own Universal Penman. Sources: Britannica, Carvalho 109; Heal 17; Massey 88-92; ODNB; Wikipedia. Image: "A Poem on the Universal Penman: by Mr John Bancks" engraved by George Bickham the elder, British Museum. |
Visibility | 5.00 | 54.00 | 1.00 | 2374.11 | 0.54 | 5.00 |
| George Bickham the younger | writing master & engraver | George Bickham the younger (1706- 1771) was a successful engraver in his own right, though he branched away from his father's focus on the engraving of writing. Image: Self-portrait, George Bickham the Younger, British Museum. |
Visibility | 5.00 | 4.00 | 0.21 | 1.60 | 0.40 | 4.00 |
| George Shelley | writing master/calligrapher | George Shelley (1666?-1736?) was a prominent writing master who published a series of copybooks. He contributed 7 plates to Bickham's Penman's Companion. He was master to Humphrey Johnson. Sources: Carvalho 109; Heal 94; Massey 131-35 Image: George Shelley by George Bickham the Elder, line engraving, 1709, NPG D40692, National Portrait Gallery. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 9.00 | 0.20 | 55.44 | 0.35 | 5.00 |
| Henry Overton | printer/bookseller | Henry Overton, publisher, London Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 2.00 | 14.00 | 0.20 | 208.26 | 0.37 | 5.00 |
| James Nicholas | writing master/calligrapher | James Nicholas (1722-63 fl.) was a member of a well-known writing family and the brother of Abraham Nicholas III. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 1.00 |
| John Ayres | writing master/calligrapher | John Ayres (fl. 1680-1704) was one of the foremost writing masters of his time. He published at least nine books, had pieces produced in anthologies such as George Bickham's Penman's Companion, and wrote prefaces for others' works, notably for Robert More's Writing Master, as well as for Abraham Nicolas I's Thoographia (1692). He trained with Thomas Topham and was teacher to Stephen Botting. Sources: Britannica; Heal 7; Massey 12-19; ODNB; Penna Volans; Wikipedia. Image: John Ayres by John Sturt, line engraving, 1695, NPG D27356, National Portrait Gallery |
Visibility | 1.00 | 6.00 | 0.13 | 223.14 | 0.34 | 3.00 |
| John Bickham | writing master & engraver | John Bickham (fl. 1730-50). was related to George Bickam the elder, though how is unclear: he was possibly a son, or a younger brother. George Bickham's father was named John, but this John Bickham would seem to have been a different individual. John Bickham contributed three plates to George the elder's Universal Penman, as well as engraving. Image: George Bickham, Ornamental "B", Universal Penman, Wikimedia |
Visibility | 6.00 | 7.00 | 0.25 | 219.69 | 0.42 | 5.00 |
| John Bland | writing master/calligrapher | John Bland (1702 -1749), writing master, was apprenticed to the well-known Charles Snell, In turn, he taught Edward Lloyd. He was considered a specialist in mercantile writing. The author of several copybooks, he also contributed to George Bickham's The Universal Penman, Penmanship in its Utmost Beauty and Extent (1731) and had five plates in Penman's Companion. Sources: Carvalho 110; Heal 19; Massey 25-29; ODNB. Image: An exchange of letters from August 1736 between George Bickham the elder and John Bland in which the two discuss Bland's contributions to the anthology The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 80 (British Library) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 19.00 | 0.34 | 601.24 | 0.44 | 5.00 |
| John Bowles | printer/bookseller | Visibility | 4.00 | 7.00 | 0.07 | 26.99 | 0.32 | 4.00 | |
| John Clark | writing master/calligrapher | John Clark (1683-1736), writing master, was apprenticed to Ralph Snow. Image: Portrait of John Clark, frontispiece to his Penman's Diversion (1708), engraved by George Bickham the Elder, British Museum. |
Visibility | 2.00 | 15.00 | 0.36 | 291.93 | 0.45 | 5.00 |
| John Day | writing master/calligrapher | John Day (1703c.-1746c.), writing master, contributed one plate to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Day, John, script. "Honesty," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 39. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 2.00 | 0.05 | 2.54 | 0.33 | 2.00 |
| John Gardnor | writing master/calligrapher | John Gardnor (1728(1734)-1808), writing master, is remembered for his four plates in Bland's An essay on writing (1764). Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 |
| John Holden | writing master/calligrapher | John Holden (fl. 1740), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman which he inscribed to senior writing master Joseph Champion. Sources: Heal 61; Massey 86-87. Image: Holden, John, script. "A Kinsman to his Uncle." Dated 1740. Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 196. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 2.00 | 0.05 | 56.97 | 0.35 | 2.00 |
| John Howard | engraver | J. Howard, engraver. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 6.00 | 0.06 | 36.57 | 0.31 | 3.00 |
| John King | printer/bookseller | John King, publisher, London Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 2.00 |
| John Langton | writing master/calligrapher | John Langton (1700-27 fl.), writing master. Sources: Cavalho 110; Heal 68; Massey 97-99. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 6.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 1.00 |
| John Oldfield | writing master/calligrapher | John Oldfield (fl. 1740-62), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Oldfield, John, script. "Honesty," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 38. (British Library) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 2.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 2.00 |
| John Raynor | writing master/calligrapher | John Raynor (1699-1716 fl.), writing master known for The Paul's scholars copy-book. Sources: Cavalho 109; Heal 87; Massey 120-121. Image: Raynor's dedication in The Paul's scholars copy-book (Google Books). |
Visibility | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 |
| John Seddon | writing master/calligrapher | John Seddon (1644-1700) writing master, excelled in the ornamental aspects of penmanship (Penna Volans). His reputation waned after his death as writing standards became more focused on the needs of business. Sources: Britannica; Cavalho 109; Heal 92; Massey 128-131; ODNB; Penna Volans. Image: Seddon's piece in Bickham's Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent, dated 1694. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 2.00 |
| John Shortland | writing master/calligrapher | John Shortland (b. 1704? fl. 1760), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Shortland, John, script. "Falsehood," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 41. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 |
| John Stuart | printer/bookseller | John Stuart, publisher, London Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 |
| John Sturt | engraver | John Sturt (1658-1730) was the leading British engraver of his generation (Penna Volans), known in particular for his work with writing, and with miniatures. He was apprenticed to Robert White and taught by David Loggan, and in turn he taught George Bickham the elder. Sources: Britannia; Heal 106; ODNB; Penna Volans. Image: John Sturt by William Humphrey, after William Faithorne Jr mezzotint, 1774. NPG D42116, National Portrait Gallery. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 4.00 | 0.20 | 8.61 | 0.39 | 3.00 |
| Joseph Champion | writing master/calligrapher | Joseph Champion (1709- c. 1765) was a famous writing master. In his preface to The Parallel or Comparative Penmanship, he lists 98 English + 61 other European penmen. He contributed forty-seven pages to Bickham's The Universal Penman. Image: Letter from Joseph Champion to George Bickham the elder, dated 24 Jan. 1739, promising his continuing participation in The Universal Penman. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 174. (British Library) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 15.00 | 0.22 | 361.16 | 0.43 | 5.00 |
| Joseph Ellis | engraver | Joseph Ellis (fl. 1764?), engraver. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 |
| Joseph Nutting | engraver | Joseph Nutting, engraver Image: Detail from Nutting's engraving. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.07 | 1.40 | 0.32 | 2.00 |
| J. Robinson | printer/bookseller | J. Robinson, printer/bookseller Image: Footer, Bickham, George the elder. The universal library of trade, 1747. |
Visibility | 6.00 | 3.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 3.00 |
| Moses Gratwick | writing master/calligrapher | Moses Gratwick (1690c.-1741) , writing master, is remembered for his piece in Bickham's Universal Penman. Sources: Carvalho 110; Heal 55; Massey 83. Image: Gratwick, Moses, script. "Reputation," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 127. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 2.00 | 0.09 | 5.20 | 0.37 | 2.00 |
| Nathaniel Dove | writing master/calligrapher | Nathaniel Dove (1711-54), writing master, contributed 27 plates to Bickham's Universal Penman. Dove also contributed to Universal Penmanship and Select Penmen. He was taught by Philip Pickering. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 46; Massey 76-77; ODNB. Image: George Bickham, Letter to Nathaniel Dove, The Universal Penman (Wikimedia): To Mr. Nathaniel Dove Master of the Academy In Hoxton Aug. 30, 1740. Sir, The great improvement you have made in the Art of Writing is a plain Proof of an uncommon Genius; and that Modesty which attends your Merit, has justly gain'd you the Esteem of the Ablest Penmen. As you have been pleas'd to favour Me with several Pieces for the service of my Universal Penman, I think it incumbent on me to pay you my grateful Acknowledgements for your friendly Assistance. However, I must still desire You to write a Piece or Two more for me in Your legible, free, and expeditious Manner, which, I doubt not, will answer the Expectations of the most Curious: And the sooner you Oblige me in this Particular, the more acceptable it will be to Sir, Your most Obliged humble Servant G. Bickham |
Visibility | 5.00 | 5.00 | 0.11 | 11.01 | 0.35 | 4.00 |
| Natural writing | copybook/writing manual | Shelley, George. Natural writing in all the hands, with variety of ornament, by George Shelley. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London, 1709 In the introduction, Shelley wrote that Bickham's engraving "falls short of my ORIGINAL." In the same page are an endorsement from writing master John Sinclare and a letter of praise signed by five other writing masters: T. Baston, Robert More, Tho. Ollyffe, John Smith, and Ralph Snow. Image: Dedication page, Natural writing. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 6.00 | 0.14 | 27.04 | 0.38 | 5.00 |
| New and complete alphabets | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph. New and complete alphabets. In all the various hands of Great Britain, with the Greek, Hebrew, and German characters. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Henry Overton, 1754. Available online, British Library. Image: Title page (British Library) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 3.00 | 0.11 | 10.26 | 0.38 | 3.00 |
| Penmanship exemplified | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph, and George Bickham, the elder. Penmanship exemplified in all the variety of hands used in Great Britain: being a complete collection of Alphabetical Copies, In the Round Text; The Modern Round Hand for Business; The Running Hand for Correspondence; The Italian Hand for the Use of the Ladies; The Secretary Hand for Ingrossing: With the Addition of other Examples in each of the aforesaid Hands: And in the German Text, and in the Court Hand. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: John Bowles, 1750. Image: Title page. |
Visibility | 4.00 | 3.00 | 0.10 | 12.54 | 0.38 | 3.00 |
| Penmanship illustrated | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph, and John Bland. Penmanship illustrated in a new work ... Written by Mess. Champion, Bland & other ... masters, and engrav'd by Jnº Howard on 40 copper plates. Engr. J. Howard. London, 1759. Available online, British Library. Image: Title page, 1794 edition, London: Laurie and Whittle (British Library). |
Visibility | 4.00 | 3.00 | 0.05 | 7.75 | 0.33 | 3.00 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George the elder. Penmanship in its Utmost Beauty and Extent. A new Copy-book, Wherein are Revived, and Comprized, all the Most Useful, and Ornamental Pieces, Published by the Best Masters in Europe, London: H. Overton & I. Hoole & by ye engraver, 1731. Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent is an anthology of penmanship edited and re-engraved by Bickham. It features British as well as continental calligraphers Louis Barbedor, Louis Materott, Ambrosius Perling, and Jan Van de Velde. In the introduction, Bickham offers an overview of calligraphy that corresponds exactly with his chosen artists. Image: Frontispiece and Title page, Penmanship in its Utmost Beauty and Extent. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 35.00 | 0.71 | 1159.29 | 0.46 | 5.00 |
| Peter Norman | writing master/calligrapher | Peter Norman (1707-42), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 80; Massey 111-12. Image: Norman, Peter, script. "Honour," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 81. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 |
| Ralph Snow | writing master/calligrapher | Ralph Snow (1670-1744), writing master Image: Ralph Snow by Alexander van Aken, after Isaac Whood, mezzotint, late 1730s. Zachery Chambers is among those credited. NPG D4273, Natiional Portrait Gallery. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 9.00 | 0.22 | 22.48 | 0.37 | 5.00 |
| Richard Morris | writing master/calligrapher | Richard Morris (fl. 1737), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Morris, Richard, script. "The Golden Mean," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 75. (British Library) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 |
| Robert More, Jr. | writing master/calligrapher | Robert More, Jr. (1671-1727?), writing master, was probably taught by his father. His 1716 book was first published as a preface to Shelley's Second Part of Natural Writing (1714). Ayres wrote the preface to the 2nd ed. of his Writing Master and Bickham engraved his portrait. He contributed one piece to Bickham'sPenmanship in its utmost beauty and extent (1731). Image: More's piece in Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent |
Visibility | 1.00 | 8.00 | 0.16 | 117.38 | 0.34 | 5.00 |
| Robert Sayer | printer/bookseller | Robert Sayer (1724 or 1725-1794), printseller and publisher Sources: NPG Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 5.00 | 0.02 | 20.24 | 0.31 | 3.00 |
| Round text. A new copy-book | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George the elder. Round Text. A new copy-book. Hammersmith: Chas. Price, [1712?] Dedicated to engraver and writing master John Sturt. Available online, British Library. Image: Title page, Round Text, British Library. |
Visibility | 5.00 | 4.00 | 0.17 | 104.00 | 0.36 | 3.00 |
| Running hand copies | copybook/writing manual | Bland, John. Running hand copies, in alphabetic order. London: R. Sayer, 1750?. [Date of publication approximate.] Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
Visibility | 4.00 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 5.58 | 0.31 | 2.00 |
| Samual Vaux | writing master/calligrapher | Samual Vaux (1704?-1739), writing master, was trained by Thomas Weston. He contributed five pieces to Bickham's The Universal Penman. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 110; Massey 148-49. Image: "Learning," one of Vaux's contributions to The Universal Penman (Wikimedia). |
Visibility | 4.00 | 3.00 | 0.06 | 17.81 | 0.35 | 3.00 |
| Samuel Bennett | writing master/calligrapher | Samuel Bennett (fl. 1750), writing master, contributed two plates to Universal penmanship. Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
Visibility | 5.00 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 1.00 |
| T. Bland | engraver | Visibility | 4.00 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 2.00 | |
| The admired pages | copybook/writing manual | Bland, John. The admired pages written by the late Mr. John Bland, collected from that valuable work, The universal penman, &c. With other select peices [sic] of this celebrated master ... T. Bland sculp. Engr. T. Bland. London: Robert Sayer, 1770. Posthumous collection of Bland's work from The Universal Penman and elsewhere. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
Visibility | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.07 | 57.66 | 0.37 | 3.00 |
| The art of writing | copybook/writing manual | Snell, Charles. The art of writing in its theory and practice. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London, 1712. In this book, Snell criticized George Shelley without naming him (Penna Volans). Available online (Flickr) Image: Title page (Flickr) |
Visibility | 1.00 | 4.00 | 0.13 | 9.99 | 0.38 | 4.00 |
| The British monarchy | publication (other) | Bickham, George. The British monarchy: or, a new chorographical description of all the dominions subject to the King of Great Britain. ... To which are added alphabets in all the hands made use of in this book. The whole illustrated with suitable maps and tables; ... and engrav'd by George Bickham. London: published by subscription, 1748. Although this was not a copybook or a writing manual, the subscribers' list contains the names of many writing masters and other professional colleagues. Image: First page of list of subscribers, The British monarchy. |
Visibility | 5.00 | 11.00 | 0.29 | 182.41 | 0.42 | 5.00 |
| The British youth's instructor | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The British youth's instructor: or, The useful penman. A new copy-book. Containing alphabets and sentences in round text, large and small round hand, and running hand: an abstract of the theory of writing, initial letters, struck capitals, and other curious decorations. Written, by several of the best masters, and engrav'd by George Bickham Senr. London: Robert Sayer, 1754. Image: Dedication, George Bickham, The British Youth's Instructor (1754) |
Visibility | 4.00 | 6.00 | 0.22 | 39.78 | 0.40 | 5.00 |
| The compleat penman | copybook/writing manual | Richards, William. The Compleat Penman, or, Young Clerk's Companion; exemplified in all the various hands, and forms of business, London: Sold by the author; also, by J. Wilcox…; and B. Cole, engraver. George Beckham the elder, John Bickham, and Edward Thorogood engraved some of the plates. B. Cole likely engraved Richards' plates [?]. Champion has three plates and Leekey and John Clark each have one. This copybook was reprinted as the first part of The universal library of trade and commerce (1747). Image: Title page of 1747 edition of The Compleat Penman,pub. by J. Robinson. |
Visibility | 6.00 | 12.00 | 0.19 | 193.86 | 0.40 | 5.00 |
| The compleat writing master | copybook/writing manual | Nicholas, Abraham III. The compleat writing master containing several useful and ornamental examples of penmanship in all the Hands after the most new & approv'd manner by Abraham Nicholas. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: John Bowles, 1722. Image: Title page, The Compleat Writing Master. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.09 | 16.00 | 0.37 | 2.00 |
| The drawing and writing Tutor | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The Drawing and Writing Tutor: Or an alluring introduction to the study of those sister arts. London: John Bowles, 1748. Zachery Chambers' piece from The Universal Penman is included. Available online, Gallica. Image: Title page, Gallica. |
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| The English monarchical writing-master | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The English monarchical writing-master. A new county copy-book. ... To which is added, an essay towards a further improvement of a hand for business; ... Written, and engraved on copper plates, by George Bickham. London, 1754. Mostly by Bickham, with pieces by Lucas Materot, Louis Barbedor, Jan van den Velde, John Bland, and Zachary Chambers. Some of these plates appear in other of Bickham's publications. Image: Frontispiece, The English monarchical writing-master. |
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| The new universal penman | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The new universal penman. London: John Bowles, before 1760. The date of publication is unclear but was before 1760. This book reused the plates from The universal penman. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 Image: |
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| The parallel | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph. The Parallel, Or, Comparative Penmanship Exemplified. Engr. Edward Thorowgood. London: John Bowles, 1756. The Parallel is particularly important for the preface, in which Champion lists 98 English + 61 other European penmen. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| The Paul's scholars copy-book. | copybook/writing manual | Raynor, John. The Paul's Scholar's Copy Book, containing the round, and round-text hands with alphabets at large of the Greek and Hebrew, etc. [Engr. George Bickham the elder?] London: John Stuart, [1709]. The original edition contained an introduction by James Heacock. This piece was replaced in later editions by one written by Robert More, dated 1716, in which he mentions that he had given editorial advice. Online at the British Library; Online at Google Books. Image: Title page (Google Books) |
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| The penman's assistant | copybook/writing manual | Abraham Nicholas III published The Penman's Assistant and Youth's Instructor (London: Henry Overton) in 1719. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| The penman's companion | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The penman's companion. Containing specimens in all hands, by the most eminent English masters. viz. Ayres, More, [and others] ... Engrav'd by Geo. Bickham. London : H. Overton & J. Hoole, [1732] Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| The penman's diversion | copybook/writing manual | Clark, John. The penman's diversion a new copy-book; Containing the usual hands of Great Britain After the most Free and Natural Manner for Business; Adorn'd with variety of loose and easy figures & Flourishes, By Command of Hand Invented and Performed by John Clark W. M. At the Hand and Pen in Woodstreet, London. Where Youth may Board. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Henry Overton, 1708. Image: Title page. |
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| The penman's employment | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph. The penman's employment a new copy book; containing choice variety of examples in all the hand of England, ... By Joseph Champion. Engr. J. Howard. London: John Bowles & Son & John Ryall, 1762. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| The pen-man's treasury open'd | copybook/writing manual | Snell, Charles. Available online (British Library). Image: Title page (British Library). |
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| The practical pen-man | copybook/writing manual | Thomas Ollyffe, The practical pen-man a new copy book containing the usual hands of England by T: Ollyffe. Engraved by Joseph Nutting. London: Sold by the author at his House in Warwick Lane, 1713. George Bickham the elder engraved the portrait of Ollyffe used for the frontispiece. Ollyffe dedicated the book to his former teacher, Ralph Snow. |
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| The second part of An essay in writing | copybook/writing manual | Bland, John. The second part of An essay in writing : exemplified in the several hands, and forms of business ; with a grand piece of German text, and a new sett of running hand capitals, & examples, &c. London: R. Sayer and C. Bowles, 1770. [Date of publication approximate.] Image: Title page. |
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| The second part of natural writing | copybook/writing manual | Shelley, George. The Second part of Natural Writing. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Tho. Bowles, 1714. Images available on Flickr. Image: Title page, Flickr. |
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| The standard rules | copybook/writing manual | Snell, Charles. The Standard rules of the round and round-text hands: Mathematically demonstrating how better alphabets of those hands may be performed than have ever yet been published in Great-Britain. Absolutely necessary to be known, by all writing-masters and others who would gain a pecfect knowledge of those hands; and very useful for engravers, painters, masons, &c. who may have occasion to draw large inscriptions. Invented by Charles Snell, writing-master and accomptant, at the Free Writing-School in Foster-Lane. With whom young genttlemen many board. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Henry Overton, 1715. After attacking Seddon in a previous work, Snell now attacked writing master John Clark. Sybille van Zuylen writes that "[i]t is interesting to note that all the books published by these rival masters were engraved by George Bickham" (Penna Volans). Image: Title page, 1744 ed. |
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| The united pen-men | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George, the elder. The united pen-men for forming the man of business: Or, The Young-man's copy-book: containing various examples necessary in trade and merchandize. London: Henry Overton, 1743. Made up of plates from The Universal Penman. Image: Title page, The united pen-men. |
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| The universal library of trade | copybook/writing manual | The universal library of trade and commerce; or, a general magazine for gentlemen, ladies, Merchants, Tradesmen, School-Masters, and all who are any Ways concerned in Business, or the Education of Youth of either Sex, as well as for young Clerks, Apprentices, &c. &c. Containing I. The art of penmanship exemplified in all the various Hands of Great-Britain; with an easy Introduction for the Use of the Unlearned. II. A compleat System of Arithmetic, adapted more particularly to Trade and Business. III. Directions for Mercantile Business in every Branch, as well in the Counting-House and Ware-House, as by the Water-Side; with proper Instructions for the Management of Foreign and Inland Bills of Exchange. IV. An easy System of Accounts on a new Plan, contriv'd for the Use of those whose Business will not admit of the Italian Method. V. A Series of Merchants Accounts; or, the Itatian Method of Book-Keeping made plain and easy. VI. Tables of Foreign Coins, Weights and Measures, reduced to those of England. Vii. A vocabulary or Explanation of terms used by merchants, Tradesmen, &c. By the most celebrated masters. The plates engraved by Mr. George Bickham, and the best Hands. The Whole examin'd and approv'd of by several eminent Merchants. London: J. Robinson, 1747. A substantial work which, in its first part, reproduces William Richards' The compleat penman; or young clerk's companion; exemplified in all the various hands, and forms of business. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Sold by the author; also, by J. Wilcox…; and B. Cole, engraver, 1738. The balance of the volume is typescript, not engraving. Image: Title page, The universal library of trade and commerce. |
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| The universal penman | copybook/writing manual | The Universal Penman, an anthology of work from leading calligraphers of the day edited by George Bickham the elder, was originally serialized in 52 parts between 1733 and 1741. It contains work from 25 different writing masters and is still considered a central text for calligraphers interested in English round hand scripts. Online access: British Library Image: Frontispiece and title page, The Morgan Library. |
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| The whole system of penmanship | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George the elder, John Howard, and Thomas Gardner. The whole system of penmanship, or, writing-master's companion. Containing the greatest variety of complete alphabets in the English, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew-languages, ... All written by the most eminent-masters, and engraved by George Bickham Senr, Jno Howard, & Tho. Gardner, on 36 copper plates. London: Robert Sayer, [1755?]. Image: Title page, The whole system of penmanship. |
Visibility | 4.00 | 12.00 | 0.27 | 314.56 | 0.41 | 5.00 |
| The writing master's assistant | copybook/writing manual | More, Robert. The Writing Master's Assistant. 1696. Preface by John Ayres. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| The young penman's daily practice | copybook/writing manual | Champion, Joseph. The young penman's daily practice, in the current hands & forms of business. A new copy book; ... By Joseph Champion. Engr. J. Howard. London: Robt. Sayer, & Carington Bowles, 1765. Image: Title page, Gage. |
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| Thomas Bowles | printer/bookseller | Visibility | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.02 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 2.00 | |
| Thomas Cobb | printer/bookseller | Thomas Cobb, printer/bookseller Image: Footer, title page, George Bickham the elder, Youth's Instructor, 1730, British Library |
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| Thomas Gardner | engraver | Thomas Gardner, engraver Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
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| Thomas Ollyffe | writing master/calligrapher | Thomas Ollyffe (fl. 1685-1725c.), writing master, dedicated his Practical Penman (1713) to fellow writing-master Ralph Snow. He contributed two pieces to Bickham's Penman's Companion. Sources: Carvalho 110; Heal 81; Massey 113-14. Image: Portrait of Thomas Ollyffe by George Bickham the Elder, used as frontispiece for Practical Penman, British Museum. |
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| Thomas Weston | writing master & engraver | Thomas Weston, writing master Image: Detail from frontispiece, engr. George Bickham, The Universal Penman (1741) |
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| Thoographia, or, a new art of short-hand | copybook/writing manual | Nicholas, Abraham I. Thoographia, or, A New Art of Short-Hand. 1692. Established writing master John Ayres wrote the preface. "Short writing," what is now called shorthand, was a popular area of study in the early-modern period, and there was considerable overlap between writing masters and practitioners of short writing. Sources: DNB Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27 |
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| Timothy Treadway | writing master/calligrapher | Timothy Treadway (fl. 1740), writing master, contributed one piece to Bickham's Universal Penman. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 110; Massey 147-48. Image: Treadway, Timothy, script. "A Bill of Lading." Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 176. (British Library) |
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| Universal penmanship | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George the elder. Universal penmanship. London: John Bowles, 1740. Made up of plates from The Universal Penman. Image: "Learning," George Bickham the elder, The Universal Penman, 27. |
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| William Brooks | writing master/calligrapher | William Brooks, writing master, was a schoolmaster, author of one copybook, A Delightful Recreation for the Industrious (1717), and contributor to George Bickham's The Universal Penman, Penmanship and Penman's Companion. He taught Charles Snell. He may have been related to, and it seems that he married the widow of, Gabriel Brooks. Sources: Carvahlo 110; Heal 22; Massey 30-32. Image: William Brooks by George Bickham the Elder, after P. Tomlinson, line engraving, mid 18th century, NPG D27622, National Portrait Gallery |
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| William Elder | engraver | William Elder (fl. 1680), engraver Sources: ODNB. Image: William Elder by Joseph Nutting, after William Faithorne, line engraving, late 17th or early 18th century, NPG D22721, National Portrait Gallery. |
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| William Kippax | writing master/calligrapher | William Kippax (1705?-1755), writing master, contributed 7 pieces to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Kippax, William, script. "To the King," Dated 1740. Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 189. (British Library) |
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| William Leekey | writing master/calligrapher | William Leekey (1710?-1746), writing master, was apprenticed to Ambrose Serle. He published Discourse on the use of the pen (London: Richard Ware, 1744). His four pieces in Bickham's The Universal Penman are the only examples of his calligraphy extant. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 69; Massey 99-100 Image: Leekey, William, script. "Wisdom and Beauty," Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 24. (British Library) |
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| William Richards | writing master/calligrapher | William Richards (1730-63), writing master, contributed to Bickham's Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent (1731). His Compleat Penman was included in Bickham's The universal library of trade and commerce (1747). Sources: Cavalho 110; Heal 88; Massey 122-25. Image: Piece in Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent. |
Visibility | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.16 | 24.22 | 0.34 | 5.00 |
| William Webster | writing master/calligrapher | William Webster (1684c.-1744) was apprenticed to writing master John Eade. He wrote Essay on Book-keeping (1719) among other works, mainly on book-keeping and mathematics. The only piece of his calligraphy that is known is the one piece published in Bickham's Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent, dated 1730. Sources: BL;Carvalho 109; Heal 113-14; Massey 150-51. Image: Piece in Penmanship in its utmost beauty and extent. |
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| Willington Clark | writing master/calligrapher | Willington Clark (1715c.-1755), writing master, contributed 22 plates to Bickham's Universal Penman. Image: Clark, Willington, script. "Sculpture." Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 106. (British Library) |
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| Writing improv'd | copybook/writing manual | Clark, John. Writing improv'd or Penmanship made easy In it's useful and ornamental parts: with various examples of all the hands now practis'd in Great Britain, by John Clark writing-master and accomptant. Engr. George Bickham the elder. London: Sold by the author, printed by Henry Overton, 1712. Image: Title page, Writing improv'd or Penmanship made easy. |
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| Writing masters of London | broadside | Writing Masters of London: This text is a broadside, consisting of a header section engraved by George Bickham the elder above "A poem on writing" addressed to ""To/ Mr. Charles Snell/ Mr. George Shelly/ Mr. Robert More/ Mr. Ralph Snow/ Mr. Thomas Ollyffe/ Mr. Iohn Clark/ Writing Masters of London." Image: Broadside from the British Museum (before 1728). Also see this closer view of the portraits in the header. |
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| Youth’s Instructor | copybook/writing manual | Bickham, George the elder. Youth’s Instructor in the art of numbers. A new cyphering book in which is shown variety of penmanship. London: Thomas Cobb, 1730. Subject matter focused on business. [Some?] plates reused in The Universal Penman. [?] Full text online, British Library. Image: Title page, Youth’s Instructor, British Library. |
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| Zachary Chambers | writing master/calligrapher | Zachary Chambers (fl. 1730-62) was, when young, a student at Ralph Snow's school. According to Ambrose Heal he was "an amateur and a collector of fine writing" whose calligraphy was nonetheless well-regarded (26). Chambers' work, however, only survives in anthologies. Bickham wrote a commendatory verse to him for his plate in The Universal Penman. Chambers also contributed to Bickham's Penman's Companion. Sources: Carvalho 111; Heal 25-26; Massey 32-36. Image: Chambers, Zachary, script. [Monogram]. Engr. George Bickham the elder. The Universal Penman. London: Robert Sawyer, p. 67. (British Library) |
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| Source | Link | Target | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham Nicholas I | familial | Abraham Nicholas II | 01/01/1692 |
| Abraham Nicholas I | author of record | Thoographia, or, a new art of short-hand | 01/01/1692 |
| Abraham Nicholas II | familial | Abraham Nicholas III | 01/01/1711 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | author of record | A small copy book | 01/01/1715 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | familial | James Nicholas | 01/01/1722 - 01/01/1744 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | author of record | The compleat writing master | 01/01/1722 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | author of record | The penman's assistant | 01/01/1719 |
| Abraham Nicholas III | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| An essay after Mr. Charles Snell | commentary | The standard rules | 01/01/1735 |
| B. Cole | engraver | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| B. Cole | engraver | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| Bright Whilton | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1733 - 01/01/1734 |
| Charles Price | publisher | Round text. A new copy-book | 01/01/1712 |
| Charles Snell | controversy | George Shelley | |
| Charles Snell | taught | John Bland | |
| Charles Snell | controversy | John Clark | |
| Charles Snell | taught | Joseph Champion | |
| Charles Snell | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Charles Snell | author of record | The art of writing | 01/01/1712 |
| Charles Snell | contributor | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| Charles Snell | author of record | The pen-man's treasury open'd | 01/01/1694 |
| Charles Snell | author of record | The standard rules | 01/01/1714 |
| Edward Dawson | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Edward Dawson | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Edward Dawson | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1739 |
| Edward Thorowgood | engraver | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| Edward Thorowgood | engraver | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| Edward Thorowgood | engraver | The parallel | 01/01/1756 |
| Edward Thorowgood | engraver | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| Emanuel Austin | pallbearer | John Bland | 01/01/1749 |
| Emanuel Austin | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Emanuel Austin | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Emanuel Austin | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1734 - 01/02/1901 |
| Emanuel Austin | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| Gabriel Brooks | contributor | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| Gabriel Brooks | contributor | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| Gabriel Brooks | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0173 - 01/01/1738 |
| Gabriel Brooks | familial | William Brooks | 01/01/1704 - 01/01/1741 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | A delightful recreation for the industrious | 01/01/1717 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Alphabets in all the hands | 01/01/1710 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | An essay after Mr. Charles Snell | 01/01/1735 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | An essay in writing (1730) | 01/01/1730 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | A small copy book | 01/01/1715 |
| George Bickham the elder | collaboration | George Bickham the younger | |
| George Bickham the elder | familial | George Bickham the younger | 01/01/1706 - 01/01/1758 |
| George Bickham the elder | familial | John Bickham | 01/01/1730 - 01/01/1750 |
| George Bickham the elder | collaboration | John Bickham | |
| George Bickham the elder | recognition | John Clark | 01/01/1712 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Natural writing | 01/01/1709 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | New and complete alphabets | 01/01/1754 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Penmanship exemplified | 01/01/1750 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| George Bickham the elder | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Round text. A new copy-book | 01/01/1712 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | Round text. A new copy-book | 01/01/1712 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The art of writing | 01/01/1712 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The compleat writing master | 01/01/1722 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The drawing and writing Tutor | 01/01/1748 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The drawing and writing Tutor | 01/01/1748 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The English monarchical writing-master | 01/01/1754 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The English monarchical writing-master | 01/01/1754 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The new universal penman | 01/01/1750 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The new universal penman | 01/01/1750 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The Paul's scholars copy-book. | 01/01/1709 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The penman's diversion | 01/01/1709 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The practical pen-man | 01/01/1713 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The second part of natural writing | 01/01/1714 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The standard rules | 01/01/1714 |
| George Bickham the elder | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| George Bickham the elder | contributor | The universal penman | 17/01/0001 - 01/01/1741 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The universal penman | 01/01/1733 - 01/01/1741 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The universal penman | 01/01/1733 - 01/01/1741 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Writing improv'd | 01/01/1712 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Writing masters of London | 01/01/1728 |
| George Bickham the elder | author of record | Youth’s Instructor | 01/01/1730 |
| George Bickham the elder | engraver | Youth’s Instructor | 01/01/1730 |
| George Bickham the elder | recognition | Zachary Chambers | 01/01/1735 |
| George Bickham the younger | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| George Bickham the younger | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0001 - 01/01/1741 |
| George Shelley | author of record | Alphabets in all the hands | 01/01/1710 |
| George Shelley | author of record | Natural writing | 01/01/1709 |
| George Shelley | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| George Shelley | author of record | The second part of natural writing | 01/01/1714 |
| George Shelley | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | Alphabets in all the hands | 01/01/1710 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | An essay after Mr. Charles Snell | 01/01/1735 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | New and complete alphabets | 01/01/1754 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The art of writing | 01/01/1712 |
| Henry Overton | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The penman's assistant | 01/01/1719 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The penman's diversion | 01/01/1708 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The pen-man's treasury open'd | 01/01/1694 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The practical pen-man | 01/01/1713 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The standard rules | 01/01/1714 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Henry Overton | publisher | Writing improv'd | 01/01/1712 |
| John Ayres | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| John Ayres | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| John Ayres | endorsement | The writing master's assistant | 01/01/1696 |
| John Ayres | endorsement | Thoographia, or, a new art of short-hand | 01/01/1692 |
| John Bickham | engraver | A new copy book of the small Italian hand | 01/01/1720 |
| John Bickham | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| John Bickham | engraver | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| John Bickham | engraver | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| John Bickham | contributor | The universal penman | 17/01/0001 - 01/01/1741 |
| John Bland | author of record | An essay in writing (1730) | 01/01/1730 |
| John Bland | author of record | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| John Bland | author of record | Penmanship illustrated | 01/01/1759 |
| John Bland | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| John Bland | author of record | Running hand copies | 01/01/1750 |
| John Bland | familial | T. Bland | |
| John Bland | author of record | The admired pages | 01/01/1770 |
| John Bland | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| John Bland | contributor | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| John Bland | contributor | The English monarchical writing-master | 01/01/1754 |
| John Bland | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| John Bland | author of record | The second part of An essay in writing | 01/01/1770 |
| John Bland | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| John Bland | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0173 - 01/01/1739 |
| John Bland | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| John Bowles | publisher | A delightful recreation for the industrious | 01/01/1717 |
| John Bowles | publisher | Penmanship exemplified | 01/01/1750 |
| John Bowles | publisher | The drawing and writing Tutor | 01/01/1748 |
| John Bowles | publisher | The new universal penman | 01/01/1750 |
| John Bowles | publisher | The parallel | 01/01/1756 |
| John Bowles | publisher | The penman's employment | 01/01/1762 |
| John Bowles | publisher | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| John Clark | contributor | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| John Clark | recognition | Joseph Champion | |
| John Clark | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| John Clark | contributor | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| John Clark | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| John Clark | author of record | The penman's diversion | 01/01/1708 |
| John Clark | contributor | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| John Clark | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| John Clark | author of record | Writing improv'd | 01/01/1712 |
| John Day | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1734 |
| John Gardnor | contributor | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| John Holden | recognition | John Ayres | 01/01/1740 |
| John Holden | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1740 |
| John Howard | engraver | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| John Howard | engraver | Penmanship illustrated | 01/01/1759 |
| John Howard | engraver | The penman's employment | 01/01/1762 |
| John Howard | engraver | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| John Howard | author of record | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| John Howard | engraver | The young penman's daily practice | 01/01/1765 |
| John King | publisher | An essay in writing (1730) | 01/01/1730 |
| John King | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| John Langton | author of record | A new copy book of the small Italian hand | 01/01/1720 |
| John Oldfield | pallbearer | John Bland | 01/01/1749 |
| John Oldfield | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1734 |
| John Raynor | author of record | The Paul's scholars copy-book. | 01/01/1709 |
| John Seddon | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| John Shortland | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1734 |
| John Stuart | publisher | The Paul's scholars copy-book. | 01/01/1709 |
| John Sturt | taught | George Bickham the elder | |
| John Sturt | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | New and complete alphabets | 01/01/1754 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | Penmanship exemplified | 01/01/1750 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | Penmanship illustrated | 01/01/1759 |
| Joseph Champion | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | The parallel | 01/01/1756 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | The penman's employment | 01/01/1762 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| Joseph Champion | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0174 - 01/01/1741 |
| Joseph Champion | author of record | The young penman's daily practice | 01/01/1765 |
| Joseph Ellis | engraver | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| Joseph Nutting | engraver | The practical pen-man | 01/01/1713 |
| J. Robinson | publisher | The compleat penman | 01/01/1747 |
| J. Robinson | publisher | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| J. Robinson | publisher | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| Moses Gratwick | subscriber | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Moses Gratwick | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1738 |
| Nathaniel Dove | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| Nathaniel Dove | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Nathaniel Dove | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0173 - 01/01/1739 |
| Nathaniel Dove | contributor | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Abraham Nicholas III | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Charles Snell | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | George Shelley | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | John Ayres | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | John Bland | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | John Clark | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | John Seddon | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | John Sturt | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Joseph Nutting | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Ralph Snow | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Robert More, Jr. | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | Thomas Ollyffe | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | William Brooks | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | William Richards | 01/01/1731 |
| Penmanship in its utmost beauty | recognition | William Webster | 01/01/1731 |
| Peter Norman | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1736 |
| Ralph Snow | taught | John Clark | |
| Ralph Snow | endorsement | Natural writing | 01/01/1709 |
| Ralph Snow | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Ralph Snow | taught | Thomas Ollyffe | |
| Ralph Snow | taught | Zachary Chambers | |
| Richard Morris | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1736 |
| Robert More, Jr. | endorsement | Natural writing | 01/01/1709 |
| Robert More, Jr. | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Robert More, Jr. | endorsement | The Paul's scholars copy-book. | 01/01/1716 |
| Robert More, Jr. | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| Robert More, Jr. | contributor | The second part of An essay in writing | 01/01/1770 |
| Robert More, Jr. | author of record | The writing master's assistant | 01/01/1696 |
| Robert Sayer | publisher | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| Robert Sayer | publisher | Running hand copies | 01/01/1750 |
| Robert Sayer | publisher | The admired pages | 01/01/1770 |
| Robert Sayer | publisher | The second part of An essay in writing | 01/01/1770 |
| Robert Sayer | publisher | The young penman's daily practice | 01/01/1765 |
| Round text. A new copy-book | recognition | John Sturt | 01/01/1712 |
| Samual Vaux | contributor | An essay in writing (1764) | 01/01/1764 |
| Samual Vaux | contributor | The British youth's instructor | 01/01/1754 |
| Samual Vaux | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0173 - 01/01/1738 |
| Samuel Bennett | contributor | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| T. Bland | engraver | The admired pages | 01/01/1770 |
| The admired pages | reprint | The universal penman | 01/01/1770 |
| The art of writing | controversy | George Shelley | 01/01/1712 |
| The compleat penman | shared material | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| The parallel | recognition | Bright Whilton | 01/01/1756 |
| The parallel | recognition | Edward Dawson | 01/01/1756 |
| The parallel | recognition | John Day | 01/01/1756 |
| The parallel | recognition | Nathaniel Dove | 01/01/1756 |
| The parallel | recognition | William Brooks | 01/01/1756 |
| The parallel | recognition | Zachary Chambers | 01/01/1756 |
| The practical pen-man | recognition | Ralph Snow | 01/01/1713 |
| The practical pen-man | recognition | Ralph Snow | 01/01/1713 |
| The second part of natural writing | multiple part work | Natural writing | 01/01/1714 |
| The standard rules | controversy | John Clark | 01/01/1714 |
| The universal penman | shared material | The drawing and writing Tutor | 01/01/1748 |
| The universal penman | reprint | The new universal penman | 01/01/1750 - … |
| The universal penman | reprint | Universal penmanship | 01/01/1740 |
| Thomas Bowles | publisher | A delightful recreation for the industrious | 01/01/1717 |
| Thomas Bowles | publisher | The second part of natural writing | 01/01/1714 |
| Thomas Cobb | publisher | Youth’s Instructor | 01/01/1730 |
| Thomas Gardner | author of record | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| Thomas Gardner | engraver | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| Thomas Ollyffe | endorsement | Natural writing | 01/01/1709 |
| Thomas Ollyffe | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Thomas Ollyffe | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| Thomas Ollyffe | author of record | The practical pen-man | 01/01/1713 |
| Thomas Weston | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
| Timothy Treadway | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Timothy Treadway | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1739 |
| William Brooks | author of record | A delightful recreation for the industrious | 01/01/1717 |
| William Brooks | taught | Charles Snell | |
| William Brooks | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| William Brooks | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| William Brooks | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1734 |
| William Elder | engraver | The pen-man's treasury open'd | 01/01/1694 |
| William Kippax | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| William Kippax | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| William Kippax | contributor | The universal penman | 17/01/0001 - 01/01/1740 |
| William Leekey | contributor | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| William Leekey | contributor | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| William Leekey | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1733 - 01/01/1734 |
| William Richards | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| William Richards | author of record | The compleat penman | 01/01/1738 |
| William Richards | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| William Richards | contributor | The universal library of trade | 01/01/1747 |
| William Webster | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Willington Clark | contributor | The united pen-men | 01/01/1743 |
| Willington Clark | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/0173 - 01/01/1738 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | Charles Snell | 01/01/1728 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | George Shelley | 01/01/1728 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | John Clark | 01/01/1728 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | Ralph Snow | 01/01/1728 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | Robert More, Jr. | 01/01/1728 |
| Writing masters of London | recognition | Thomas Ollyffe | 01/01/1728 |
| Youth’s Instructor | shared material | The universal penman | 01/01/1730 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | Penmanship in its utmost beauty | 01/01/1731 |
| Zachary Chambers | subscriber | The British monarchy | 01/01/1743 - 01/01/1748 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | The drawing and writing Tutor | 01/01/1748 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | The English monarchical writing-master | 01/01/1754 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | The penman's companion | 01/01/1732 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | The universal penman | 01/01/1735 |
| Zachary Chambers | contributor | The whole system of penmanship | 01/01/1755 |
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